ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effect of salvianolate lyophilized injection and Xueshuantong injection (lyophilized) on the permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) via inhibition of metallomatrix protease（MMPs） in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury rats. Method:The focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model in rats was built by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) technique. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) group, edaravone (Eda, 6 mg·kg-1) group, salvianolate lyophilized injection (SLI, 21 mg·kg-1) group, Xueshuantong (XST, 100 mg·kg-1) group and SLI combined with XST (SLI+XST, 21 mg·kg-1+100 mg·kg-1) group. Drugs were injected via tail vein for 2 d, while sham group and I/R group were injected with the same amount of normal saline. Neurological deficit score, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Nissl staining were assessed 2 d after MCAO/R. The permeability of BBB was observed by the leakage of IgG/CD31. The expressions of Claudin-5，Occludin，collagen-Ⅳ（Col- Ⅳ），Laminin，Fibronectin were observed by immunofluorescence staining，and MMP-2 and MMP-9 were observed by Western blot. Result:Compared with the I/R group, SLI group, XST group and SLI+XST group showed improvements in neurological deficit score, HE staining and Nissl staining. The leakage of IgG was alleviated; The positive expressions of Claudin-5，Occludin，Col-Ⅳ，Laminin，Fibronectin in ischemic penumbra were significantly up-regulated, while the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were down-regulated. The effect in improving SLI combined with XST was much better than a single factor. Conclusion:Salvianolate lyophilized injection and Xueshuantong injection (lyophilized) can alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and exert the synergistic effect when they are used in combination. The mechanisms might be associated with the improvement in the permeability of blood-brain barrier by inhibiting MMPs in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury rats.
ABSTRACT
Objective Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the main effector cells of anti-tumor immunity. Active targeting of nanoparticles to T cells and activation of T cells can be achieved by conjugation with specific antibodies. We prepared the biotin-grafted pullulan acetate nanoparticles conjugated with CD3 (Bio-PA-CD3 NPs), and explored their effects on the proliferation, cytokine secretion and uptake of CD8+T cells.Methods We prepared Bio-PA NPs by the dialysis method, conjugated CD3 antibodies to the surface of NPs to make Bio-PA-CD3 NPs, and measured the diameter and Zeta potential of the NPs. We evaluated the effects of the NPs on the proliferation of CD8+T cells and the secretion of cytokines by CCK-8 assay and ELISA, respectively, and quantitatively analyzed the cellular uptakes of the Bio-PA-CD3 NPs by the flow cytometry.Results The Bio-PA-CD3 NPs exhibited regular spherical shapes of even size and with no adhesion. The content of CD3 antibodies on the surface of the NPs decreased with the increased degree of biotin substitution. The CD3 contents of the Bio-PA-CD3 NPs with biotin substitution degrees of 1.6%, 5.4% and 6.3% were (36.1±4.4), (21.4±4.3) and (10.3±4.7) μg/mg, respectively. Compared with Bio-PA NPs, Bio-PA-CD3 NPs at a certain concentration significantly enhanced the proliferation of CD8+T cells in vitro and promoted the secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-β and IL-2 cytokines. The Bio-PA-CD3 NPs manifested a higher cellular uptake with the increased content of CD3 antibodies.Conclusion The Bio-PA-CD3 NPs we prepared could be a promising agent to enhance the immune effect of T cells.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of the polluted SY River on children's growth and sex hormones, and provide scientific data for assessment of the polluted status of the SY River.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The study areas were selected randomly from the SY River Basin. Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), phthalates (DEP, DBP, DMP, DEHP), and bisphenol A (BPA) were measured both in the river water and in the drinking water. School children were selected by cluster sampling (n=154). Physical development indexes (height, weight, bust-circumference, and skinfold thickness) and sex hormones [testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2)] were measured for all the children.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The contents of Pb and Hg exceeded Class V standards of surface water quality in each section of the river and other indicators exceeded Class III. Compared to the control area, the concentrations of Pb, Hg, As, BPA, DEP, and DBP in the drinking water were significantly higher than in the polluted area (P<0.05). Children from the control area had significantly lower E2 and T than children from the polluted area (P<0.05). Among anthropometric results, only skinfold thickness had statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05), while the other indexes showed no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The drinking water has been polluted by the SY River and affected serum sex hormone levels of children living in the polluted area.</p>